英语使动用法的被动用法

英语中常说的使役动词主要包括make， let以及have。

在主动语态中这些使役动词需要加省略to的动词不定式作宾语补足语。但是在被动语态中to不能省略。

如：He made them work. 改被动语态是They were made to work.

英语动词使动用法例子：

1、have的用法

1). have 宾语 省to不定式：表示主语“要”“使”“让”宾语干某事，宾语和宾补之间是一种主动关系.而且还可以与情态动词will， would连用，不用于被动结构.

The rich lady had the singer eat with his servants.

I will have him come and help you.

2). have 宾语 现在分词：表示让某人或物连续进行某动作或处于某状态中，宾语和宾补是一种主动关系.亦可转化为“劝说，鼓励”宾语干某事.

The two cheats had the lights burning all night long.

He had us waiting for him three hours yesterday.

I have them all talking to each other in English. 我鼓励他们用英语交谈.

3). have 宾语 过去分词：表示主语的主观意志，即主语让别人为自己完成某事，宾语和宾补是动宾关系.还可以表示主语遭受到来利或不测的事.

Tom said he had had his TV set repaired.

Tom had his wallet stolen on the bus yesterday.

“别人”在句中一般不出现，这是它与结构1)的区别所在.试比较：

Have you washed your clothes? 你洗了衣服了吗?(自己洗)

Have you had your clothes washed? 你叫人洗了衣服了吗?(别人洗)

4). have 宾语 形容词/副词/介词短语作宾补

Please have your tickets ready.

The Emperor had nothing on.

I am sure I’ll have him in the argument.

2、let的用法

1). let 宾语 省to不定式：表示主语“要”“使”“让”宾语干某事，宾语和宾补之间是一种主动关系，罕用于被动语态.有时也可指一种假设后不能接现在分词，过去分词作宾补.

Let them stay in the classroom and do their exercises themselves.

Let AB be equal to CD. 假设AB等于CD.

2). let 宾语 副词/介词短语作宾补

Let me in and let them out.

Who let you into the building?

3、make的用法

1). make 宾语 省to不定式：表示主语“要”“使”“让”宾语干某事，宾语和宾补之间是一种主动关系.此结构常用被动结构后不接现在分词作宾补.

The teacher made the naughty boy stand there for an hour.

The naughty boy was made to stand there for an hour.

2) 宾语 过去分词，此结构中的宾语指人时常用到反身代词.

He raised his voice to make himself heard.

Can you easily make yourself understood in English?

They will make an important plan known to the public soon.

3). make 宾语 形容词，宾语亦可是从句.

The news made her happy.

He made it clear that he objected to the proposal.

使役动词make用法说明：

1、 后接不定式的复合结构作宾语时，不定式不能带 to但是，若make为被动语态，则不定式必须带to。如：

Though he had often made his little sister cry， today he was made to cry by his little sister. 虽然他曾经常把他小妹妹弄哭，但今天他被他小妹妹弄哭了。

注意，若make不表示“使”，而表示其他意思则情况不同，比如下面两句，make后的不定式不是宾语补足语，而是目的状语：

We make candles to give light. 我们做蜡烛照明。

He made a box to put his money in. 他做了个盒子来装钱。

2、 其后除可接不带to的不定式作宾语补足语外，还可以接以下成分：

(1) 接过去分词作宾语补足语。如：

He tried to make his ideas known. 他设法让别人知道他的想法。

She had to shout to make herself heard. 她必须大声喊才能让人听见她说话