英語使動用法的被動用法

英語中常說的使役動詞主要包括make， let以及have。

在主動語態中這些使役動詞需要加省略to的動詞不定式作賓語補足語。但是在被動語態中to不能省略。

如：He made them work. 改被動語態是They were made to work.

英語動詞使動用法例子：

1、have的用法

1). have 賓語 省to不定式：表示主語“要”“使”“讓”賓語幹某事，賓語和賓補之間是一種主動關係.而且還可以與情態動詞will， would連用，不用於被動結構.

The rich lady had the singer eat with his servants.

I will have him come and help you.

2). have 賓語 現在分詞：表示讓某人或物連續進行某動作或處於某狀態中，賓語和賓補是一種主動關係.亦可轉化為“勸說，鼓勵”賓語幹某事.

The two cheats had the lights burning all night long.

He had us waiting for him three hours yesterday.

I have them all talking to each other in English. 我鼓勵他們用英語交談.

3). have 賓語 過去分詞：表示主語的主觀意志，即主語讓別人為自己完成某事，賓語和賓補是動賓關係.還可以表示主語遭受到來利或不測的事.

Tom said he had had his TV set repaired.

Tom had his wallet stolen on the bus yesterday.

“別人”在句中一般不出現，這是它與結構1)的區別所在.試比較：

Have you washed your clothes? 你洗了衣服了嗎?(自己洗)

Have you had your clothes washed? 你叫人洗了衣服了嗎?(別人洗)

4). have 賓語 形容詞/副詞/介詞短語作賓補

Please have your tickets ready.

The Emperor had nothing on.

I am sure I’ll have him in the argument.

2、let的用法

1). let 賓語 省to不定式：表示主語“要”“使”“讓”賓語幹某事，賓語和賓補之間是一種主動關係，罕用於被動語態.有時也可指一種假設後不能接現在分詞，過去分詞作賓補.

Let them stay in the classroom and do their exercises themselves.

Let AB be equal to CD. 假設AB等於CD.

2). let 賓語 副詞/介詞短語作賓補

Let me in and let them out.

Who let you into the building?

3、make的用法

1). make 賓語 省to不定式：表示主語“要”“使”“讓”賓語幹某事，賓語和賓補之間是一種主動關係.此結構常用被動結構後不接現在分詞作賓補.

The teacher made the naughty boy stand there for an hour.

The naughty boy was made to stand there for an hour.

2) 賓語 過去分詞，此結構中的賓語指人時常用到反身代詞.

He raised his voice to make himself heard.

Can you easily make yourself understood in English?

They will make an important plan known to the public soon.

3). make 賓語 形容詞，賓語亦可是從句.

The news made her happy.

He made it clear that he objected to the proposal.

使役動詞make用法說明：

1、 後接不定式的複合結構作賓語時，不定式不能帶 to但是，若make為被動語態，則不定式必須帶to。如：

Though he had often made his little sister cry， today he was made to cry by his little sister. 雖然他曾經常把他小妹妹弄哭，但今天他被他小妹妹弄哭了。

注意，若make不表示“使”，而表示其他意思則情況不同，比如下面兩句，make後的不定式不是賓語補足語，而是目的狀語：

We make candles to give light. 我們做蠟燭照明。

He made a box to put his money in. 他做了個盒子來裝錢。

2、 其後除可接不帶to的不定式作賓語補足語外，還可以接以下成分：

(1) 接過去分詞作賓語補足語。如：

He tried to make his ideas known. 他設法讓別人知道他的想法。

She had to shout to make herself heard. 她必須大聲喊才能讓人聽見她說話