靚麗時尚館

位置:首頁 > 健康生活 > 心理

獨立宣言原文

心理1.2W
獨立宣言原文

美利堅合眾國獨立宣言原文全文如下

THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE

In Congress, July 4, 1776

THE UNANIMOUS DECLARATION OF THE THIRTEEN UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

When in the Course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bonds which have connected them with another, and to assume among the Powers of the earth, the separate and equal station to which the Laws of Nature and of Nature's God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation.

He has excited domestic insurrections amongst us, and has endeavoured to bring on the inhabitants of our frontiers, the merciless Indian Savages, whose known rule of warfare, is an undistinguished destruction of all ages, sexes and conditions.

In every stage of these Oppressions We have Petitioned for Redress in the most humble terms: Our repeated Petitions have been answered only by repeated injury. A Prince, whose character is thus marked by every act which may define a Tyrant, is unfit to be the ruler of a free people.

Nor have We been wanting in attention to our British brethren. We have warned them from time to time of attempts by their legislature to extend an unwarrantable jurisdiction over us.

We have reminded them of the circumstances of our emigration and settlement here. We have appealed to their native justice and magnanimity, and we have conjured them by the ties of our common kindred to disavow these usurpation, which would inevitably interrupt our connections and correspondence. They too have been deaf to the voice of justice and of consanguinity. We must, therefore, acquiesce in the necessity, which denounces our Separation, and hold them, as we hold the rest of mankind, Enemies in War, in Peace Friends.

We, therefore, the Representatives of the United States of America, in General Congress, Assembled, appealing to the Supreme Judge of the world for the rectitude of our intentions, do, in the Name, and by Authority of the good People of these Colonies, solemnly publish and declare, That these United Colonies are, and of Right ought to be Free and Independent States

that they are Absolved from all Allegiance to the British Crown, and that all political connection between them and the State of Great Britain, is and ought to be totally dissolved and that as Free and Independent States, they have full Power to levy War, conclude Peace, contract Alliances, establish Commerce, and to do all other Acts and Things which Independent States may of right do. And for the support of this Declaration, with a firm reliance on the Protection of Divine Providence, we mutually pledge to each other our Lives, our Fortunes and our sacred Honor.

宣言內容

威廉瑪麗學院畢業的傑斐遜曾寫道,《獨立宣言》是“籲請世界的裁判”。自1776年以來,《獨立宣言》中所體現的原則就一直在全世界為人傳誦。[1]美國的改革家們,不論是出於什麼動機,不論是為了廢除奴隸制,禁止種族隔離或是要提高婦女的權利,都要向公眾提到“人人生而平等”。不論在什麼地方,當人民向不民主的統治作鬥爭時,他們就使用傑斐遜的話來爭辯道,政府的“正當權力是經被統治者同意所授予的”。

《獨立宣言》由四部分組成:

第一部分為前言,闡述了宣言的目的。

第二部分高度概括了當時資產階級最激進的政治思想,即自然權利學說和主權在民思想。

第三部分歷數英國壓迫北美殖民地人民的條條罪狀,說明殖民地人民是在忍無可忍的情況下被迫拿起武器的,力陳獨立的合法性和正義性。

在宣言的最後一部分,美利堅莊嚴宣告獨立。《獨立宣言》並非1776年7月4日簽署的,7月4日是決議採用宣言的日期,之後進行了印刷。議會代表們大多於1776年7月2日簽署本宣言。

獨立宣言全文

第一條在權利方面,人們生來是而且始終是自由平等的。只有在公共利用上面才顯出社會上的差別。

第二條任何政治結合的目的都在於儲存人的自然的和不可動搖的權利。這些權利就是自由、財產、安全和反抗壓迫。

第三條整個主權的本原主要是寄託於國民。任何團體、任何個人都不得行使主權所未明白授予的權力。

第四條自由就是指有權從事一切無害於他人的行為。因此,各人的自然權利的行使,只以保證社會上其他成員能享有同樣權利為限制。此等限制僅得由法律規定之。

第五條法律僅有權禁止有害於社會的行為。凡未經法律禁止的行為即不得受到妨礙

而且任何人都不得被迫從事法律所未規定的行為。

第六條法律是公共意志的表現。全國公民都有權親身或經由其代表去參與法律的制定。法律對於所有的人,無論是施行保護或處罰都是一樣的。在法律面前,所有的公民都是平等的,故他們都能平等地按其能力擔任一切官職,公共職位和職務,除德行或才能上的差別外,不得有其他差別。

第七條除非在法律所規定的情況下並按照法律所指示的手續,不得控告、逮捕或拘留任何人。凡動議、釋出、執行或令人執行專斷命令者應受處罰但根據法律而被傳喚或被扣押的公民應當立即服從抗拒則構成犯罪。

第八條法律只應規定確實需要和顯然不可少的刑罰,而且除非根據在犯法前已經制定

和公佈的且系依法施行的法律以外,不得處罰任何人。

第九條任何人在其未被宣告為犯罪以前應被推定為無罪,即使認為必須予以逮捕,但為扣留其人身所不需要的各種殘酷行為都應受到法律的嚴厲制裁。

第十條意見的發表只要不擾亂法律所規定的公共秩序,任何人都不得因其意見,甚至信教的意見而遭受干涉。

第十一條自由傳達思想和意見是人類最寶貴的權利之一因此,各個公民都有言論、著述和出版自由,但在法律所規定的情況下,應對濫用此項自由負擔責任。

第十二條人權的保障需要有武裝力量因此,這種力量是為了全體的利益而不是為了此種力量的受任人的個人利益而設立的。

第十三條為了武裝力量的維持和行政管理的支出,公共賦稅就成為必不可少的賦稅應在全體公民之間按其能力作平等的分攤。

第十四條所有公民都有權親身或由其代表來確定賦稅的必要性,自由地加以認可,注意其用途,決定稅額、稅率、客體、徵收方式和時期。

第十五條社會有權要求機關公務人員報告其工作。

第十六條凡權利無保障和分權未確立的社會,就沒有憲法。

第十七條財

標籤:獨立宣言 原文